Resume vs CV: Understanding the Key Differences and When to Use Each

The Fundamental Difference

While the terms "resume" and "CV" are often used interchangeably, they are distinct documents with different purposes, lengths, and content. Understanding these differences is crucial for presenting yourself appropriately in different contexts.

What is a Resume?

A resume is a concise, targeted document designed to highlight your most relevant skills and experiences for a specific job. Key characteristics include:

Length: Typically 1-2 pages
Focus: Relevant skills and experiences for the specific job
Content: Work experience, education, skills, and achievements
Customization: Tailored for each job application
Common Use: Most job applications in the United States and Canada

What is a CV (Curriculum Vitae)?

A CV (Curriculum Vitae) is a comprehensive document that provides a detailed account of your academic and professional achievements. Key characteristics include:

Length: Can be 2-10+ pages depending on experience
Focus: Complete academic and professional history
Content: Education, research, publications, presentations, awards, grants, teaching experience, and more
Customization: Generally less customized, more comprehensive
Common Use: Academic positions, research roles, international applications (especially in Europe, Asia, and Africa)

When to Use a Resume

Use a resume when applying for:

Most corporate and private sector jobs
Entry-level to mid-level positions
Non-academic roles
Jobs in the United States and Canada (unless specifically asked for a CV)
Positions where you need to quickly highlight relevant experience

When to Use a CV

Use a CV when applying for:

Academic positions (professor, researcher, postdoctoral fellow)
Research positions
Medical and scientific roles
International job applications (especially in Europe, UK, Asia, and Africa)
Grants and fellowship applications
Positions requiring detailed academic credentials

Key Sections in Each Document

Resume Sections:

Contact Information
Professional Summary
Work Experience
Education
Skills
Optional: Certifications, Awards, Volunteer Work

CV Sections:

Contact Information
Education (often more detailed)
Research Experience
Publications
Presentations
Teaching Experience
Grants and Funding
Awards and Honors
Professional Memberships
References

Can You Convert Between Them?

Yes, you can convert between resumes and CVs, but keep in mind:

Resume to CV: Add more detail, include academic achievements, publications, presentations, and research experience
CV to Resume: Condense information, focus on most relevant experiences, remove less relevant academic details

Conclusion

Understanding the difference between a resume and CV is essential for presenting yourself appropriately. When in doubt, check the job posting requirements or ask the employer. In the United States, most positions will require a resume, while academic and international positions often require a CV.