References on Your Resume: To Include or Not to Include?

The Short Answer: Don't Include References

If your resume still says "References available upon request" at the bottom, it is time for an update. This line is universally considered outdated by modern recruiters and hiring managers. It wastes valuable resume space, states something that is already assumed, and signals that your resume practices are behind the times.

Similarly, listing actual reference names and contact information directly on your resume is no longer recommended. Here is why, and what to do instead.

Why Not to Include References on Your Resume

• It wastes space. Every line on your resume should sell your candidacy. Reference information takes up three to six lines that could be used for achievements.
• It is assumed. Every employer knows they can request references. Stating it adds no value.
• Privacy concerns. Listing your references' contact information on a document that circulates digitally raises privacy issues. Your references have not consented to having their information distributed.
• Timing. References are typically contacted after interviews, not during the initial screening phase. By the time references matter, the employer will ask you for them directly.

When to Provide References

Provide references when explicitly asked. This usually happens after the first or second interview, when you have made the short list. At that point, provide a separate document — not attached to your resume — with three to five professional references including their name, title, company, relationship to you, phone number, and email.

Preparing Your References

1. Choose references who can speak specifically to your qualifications for the target role
2. Always ask permission before listing someone as a reference
3. Brief your references on the role you are applying for so they can tailor their comments
4. Keep your reference list updated — contact information changes frequently
5. Thank your references after they are contacted, regardless of the outcome

What to Put in That Space Instead

Instead of references, use that valuable resume real estate for one more impactful achievement bullet, a relevant certification, a key skill that matches the job description, or a project that demonstrates your capabilities. Every line should work toward getting you the interview.

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